Day 13 August 22 - Luke 20-24

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Discussion

[KeithLBrown]

The Institution of the Sacrament

Scripture Reference: Luke 22:7-20

On the night before His Crucifixion, Jesus Christ met with His Apostles and instituted the sacrament.

7 Then came the day of unleavened bread, when the passover must be killed.

8 And he sent Peter and John, saying, Go and prepare us the passover, that we may eat.

9 And they said unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare?

10 And he said unto them, Behold, when ye are entered into the city, there shall a man meet you, bearing a pitcher of water; follow him into the house where he entereth in.

11 And ye shall say unto the goodman of the house, The Master saith unto thee, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples?

12 And he shall shew you a large upper room furnished: there make ready.

13 And they went, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover.

14 And when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him.

15 And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer:

16 For I say unto you, I will not any more eat thereof, auntil it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God.

17 And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves:

18 For I say unto you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come.

19 And he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake it, and gave unto them, saying, This is my bbody which is given for you: this do in remembrance of me.

20 Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you.

Scripture Reference: 3 Nephi 18-1-11

After His Resurrection, He instituted the sacrament among the Nephites.

1 And it came to pass that Jesus commanded his Disciples that they should bring forth some abread and wine unto him.

2 And while they were gone for bread and wine, he commanded the multitude that they should sit themselves down upon the earth.

3 And when the Disciples had come with bread and wine, he took of the bread and brake and blessed it; and he gave unto the Disciples and commanded that they should eat.

4 And when they had eaten and were filled, he commanded that they should give unto the multitude.

5 And when the multitude had eaten and were filled, he said unto the Disciples: Behold there shall one be ordained among you, and to him will I give power that he shall break bread and bless it and give it unto the people of my church, unto all those who shall believe and be baptized in my name.

6 And this shall ye always observe to ado, even as I have done, even as I have broken bread and blessed it and given it unto you.

7 And this shall ye do in remembrance of my bbody, which I have shown unto you. And it shall be a testimony unto the Father that ye do always remember me. And if ye do always remember me ye shall have my Spirit to be with you.

8 And it came to pass that when he said these words, he commanded his Disciples that they should take of the wine of the cup and drink of it, and that they should also give unto the multitude that they might drink of it.

9 And it came to pass that they did so, and did drink of it and were filled; and they gave unto the multitude, and they did drink, and they were filled.

10 And when the Disciples had done this, Jesus said unto them: Blessed are ye for this thing which ye have done, for this is fulfilling my commandments, and this doth witness unto the Father that ye are willing to do that which I have commanded you.

11 And this shall ye always do to those who repent and are baptized in my name; and ye shall do it in remembrance of my bblood, which I have shed for you, that ye may witness unto the Father that ye do always remember me. And if ye do always remember me ye shall have my Spirit to be with you.

Today the sacrament is an ordinance in which Church members partake of bread and water in remembrance of Jesus Christ's atoning sacrifice. This ordinance is an essential part of worship and spiritual development. Through this ordinance, Church members renew the covenants they made with God when they were baptized. The sacrament provides an opportunity for Church members to ponder and remember with gratitude the life, ministry, and Atonement of the Son of God. The broken bread is a reminder of His body and His physical suffering—especially His suffering on the cross. It is also a reminder that through His mercy and grace, all people will be resurrected and given the opportunity for eternal life with God.

The water is a reminder that the Savior shed His blood in intense spiritual suffering and anguish, beginning in the Garden of Gethsemane and concluding on the cross. In the garden He said, "My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death" (Matthew 26:38). Submitting to the will of the Father, He suffered more than we can comprehend: "Blood [came] from every pore, so great [was] his anguish for the wickedness and the abominations of his people" (Mosiah 3:7). He suffered for the sins, sorrows, and pains of all people, providing remission of sins for those who repent and live the gospel (see 2 Nephi 9:21–23). Through the shedding of His blood, Jesus Christ saved all people from what the scriptures call the "original guilt" of Adam's transgression (Moses 6:54).

Partaking of the sacrament is a witness to God that the remembrance of His Son will extend beyond the short time of that sacred ordinance. Part of this ordinance is a promise to remember Him always and a witness of individual willingness to take upon oneself the name of Jesus Christ and to keep His commandments. In partaking of the sacrament and making these commitments, Church members renew the covenant they made at baptism (see Mosiah 18:8–10; D&C 20:37).

In return, the Lord renews the promised remission of sin and enables Church members to "always have his Spirit to be with them" (D&C 20:77). The Spirit's constant companionship is one of the greatest gifts of mortality.

In preparation for the sacrament each week, Church members take time to examine their lives and repent of sins. They do not need to be perfect in order to partake of the sacrament, but they should have a spirit of humility and repentance in their hearts. Every week they strive to prepare for that sacred ordinance with a broken heart and a contrite spirit (see 3 Nephi 9:20).

Other Scripture references for study: 1 Corinthians 11:23–29; Moroni 4–5; D&C 20:75–79; 27:2

Please take the time to read Elder Vaughn J. Featherstone, “Sacrament Meeting and the Sacrament,” Ensign, Sep 2001, 23

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Luke 20 Jesus vs. the religious establishment

The interaction between Jesus and his detractors on this occasion is very instructive. Not uncommonly, members and missionaries are confronted with a similar dilemma—a religious discussion has ensued, and someone, often a minister, has set a doctrinal trap. How do we answer difficult questions, especially those designed to make us look stupid? The Lord gives the answer in chapter 20.

“If you are a Latter-day Saint…[you will be confronted with] people asking questions about your beliefs. Most questions will be honest and sincere; others will be a sword that seeks to cut and slay. It is important that we answer honest questions well; the others are of little consequence. Yet even then we have that feeling that the gospel need not be embarrassed. No one can have all the answers, and for that matter, in many instances there may not be any one best answer. Still there are basic principles that can aid in obtaining the Spirit and in giving appropriate answers…[one of which is] Do Not Always Respond!” (Millet and McConkie, Sustaining and Defending the Faith, 107)

Let’s examine how the Master deals with this problem. He is confronted with three questions specifically designed to get him into trouble: 1) by what authority doest these things? 2) is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar? 3) whose wife shall she be in the resurrection? The Master’s responses teach us that we don’t have to answer these questions directly. Since these detractors didn’t care about the truth and were only trying to belittle him, the questions did not require a direct answer. Jesus didn’t allow himself to fall into their trap.

His first response was to ask them a difficult question (v. 4). The second trap was answered with a question as well (v. 24). The third was not answered directly either (v. 33-38). Jesus could have gone into a lengthy discussion about the principle of eternal marriage and the sealing power, but they didn’t understand these principles. Had he answered them with a full disclosure of the mysteries of godliness, he would have been ridiculed by the Sadducees. He wisely avoided the temptation to teach deep doctrine to a shallow crowd. Finally, he turned the tables on his detractors, asking them a question they couldn’t possibly answer (v. 41-44). This is an easy and useful tactic since the restored gospel gives us so much doctrinal ammunition.

Boyd K. Packer

“Contrary to what you may suppose, the Lord generally did not answer questions—at least not in the usual way, particularly the questions that came from those who were tempting Him. Generally He did not answer them with a direct answer or an explanation. In fact, He almost always responded by asking a question of those who raised the question in the first place.

“Consider the occasion when the tempters asked Him if it was lawful to pay taxes to Caesar. This was a loaded question. If He had answered, ‘No, it is not lawful to pay taxes unto Caesar,’ He would have been guilty of treason and subject to death. If He had answered, ‘Yes, it is legal to pay taxes to Caesar,’ He would have immediately incurred the wrath of the Jews, who had been conquered by the Romans and detested the heavy taxation. Neither a yes nor a no answer was safe.

“Notice how the Savior handled the question asked Him by the Pharisees and the Herodians…Notice that He is asking them a question; the initiative is with Him now…That brings us to the point: Who answered the question? Well, of course, His listeners answered their own question after some discussion and teaching. They answered their own question by answering His question.” (Teach Ye Diligently, 66-68 as taken from Latter-day Commentary on the New Testament: The Four Gospels, by Pinegar, Bassett, and Earl, p. 297)

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Luke 21:24 Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled

Ezra Taft Benson

“The Lord has designated these days in which we live as ‘the times of the Gentiles.’ The Gentile nations are essentially the so-called Christian nations—North and South America and the European nations from which we came. ‘The times of the Gentiles’ refers to that period of time extending from when the gospel was restored to the world (1830) to when the gospel will again be preached to the Jews—after the Gentiles have rejected it. This is how the Lord explained it: ‘When the times of the Gentiles is come in, a light shall break forth among them that sit in darkness, and it shall be the fulness of my gospel; but they receive it not; for they perceive not the light, and they turn their hearts from me because of the precepts of men. And in that generation shall the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.’ ("D&C 45:28"D&C 45:29"D&C 45:30Doctrine and Covenants 45:28-30; italics added.)” (Come unto Christ [salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1983], 111.)

Gerald Lund

“For more than 1800 years the prediction of the Master was literally fulfilled-Jerusalem was trodden down by the Gentiles….Although the British [after the first world war]set up Palestine as a homeland for the Jews and the Jewish people began to flock back to Jerusalem, the city of Jerusalem was still not completely controlled by the Jews. When Israel declared themselves to be a free and independent nation in 1948, the Arabs bitterly protested and war broke out. Peace was finally achieved through the United Nations, but Jerusalem was partitioned and became a divided city-half belonging to Israel, the other half to Jordan. Perhaps this is what Zechariah foresaw when he said that ‘... a line shall be stretched forth upon Jerusalem.’ But finally, after nearly 1900 years, in June, 1967, the now-famous ‘six-day war’ broke out and Israeli forces smashed through Jordanian defenses and captured all of Jerusalem. So as Christ, Joseph Smith, Wilford Woodruff, Orson Hyde, and others predicted, Jerusalem is being rebuilt and inhabited once again by those so long ago dispersed from its streets and dwelling places.” (Gerald N. Lund, The Coming of the Lord [salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1971], 187.)

Joseph Fielding Smith

“Many things have taken place during the past one hundred and thirty-six years to impress faithful members of the Church with the fact that the coming of the Lord is near. The gospel has been restored. The Church has been fully organized…Jesus said the Jews would be scattered among all nations and Jerusalem would be trodden down by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles were fulfilled. (Luke 21:24.) The prophecy in Section 45, verses 24-29, of the Doctrine and Covenants regarding the Jews was literally fulfilled. Jerusalem, which was trodden down by the Gentiles, is no longer trodden down but is made the home for the Jews. They are returning to Palestine, and by this we may know that the times of the Gentiles are near their close.” (Conference Report, April 1966, First Day—Morning Meeting 13.)

Ezra Taft Benson

“This time of the Gentiles is being fulfilled and the prophecies regarding the reestablishment of Judah and Israel are likewise coming to pass. ("The Jews Return to Palestine in Fulfillment of Prophecy," Washington D.C. Stake Conference, 3 March 1957.)”(The Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson [salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1988], 98.)

George Q. Cannon

“The gathering of the Jews, then, was to be a sign that the times of the Gentiles were fulfilled. To the Latter-day Saints this event is full of great importance. We are looking forward to the coming of the Lord Jesus, according to the promise that He should again descend from heaven, this time in power and in great glory. But before that awful day a remnant of the Jews will be gathered to Jerusalem, and the ancient city will be rebuilt; the land of Palestine will be re-peopled by the descendants of the covenant people of the Lord.” (Gospel Truth: Discourses and Writings of President George Q. Cannon, selected, arranged, and edited by Jerreld L. Newquist [salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1987], 353.)

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Luke 21:25 there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars

During a typical discussion of the signs of the times, members will say they have seen the sun darkened by an eclipse, or the moon turned to blood by haze, pollution, etc. They speak of meteor showers as if the stars had fallen from the heavens. Yet, the importance and magnitude of this sign is often underestimated. In the scriptures, no heavenly sign is more frequently repeated than that the sun shall be darkened, the moon will turn to blood, and the stars shall fall from the heavens. The members may be well assured that this sign will be of an apocalyptic magnitude. A meteor shower just doesn’t count. Consider the Lord’s first coming to the Nephites. They described a darkness so thick that they ‘could feel the vapor of darkness. And there could be no light…neither candles, neither torches; neither could there be fire kindled with their fine and exceedingly dry wood, so that there could not be any light at all…and it came to pass that it did last for the space of three days that there was no light seen’ (3 Ne. 8:20-23). Now that’s apocalyptic darkness! Are we to suppose that the Lord’s Second Coming should be any less dramatic?

Joseph Fielding Smith

“Eventually the sun is to be turned into darkness and the moon as blood, and then shall come the great and dreadful day of the Lord. Some of these signs have been given; some are yet to come. The sun has not yet been darkened. We are informed that this will be one of the last acts just preceding the coming of the Lord.” (The Way to Perfection [salt Lake City: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1949], 280.)

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Luke 22:17-20 The Administration of the Sacrament

Jeffrey R. Holland

“Since that upper room experience on the eve of Gethsemane and Golgotha, children of the promise have been under covenant to remember Christ’s sacrifice in this newer, higher, more holy and personal way.

“With a crust of bread, always broken, blessed, and offered first, we remember his bruised body and broken heart, his physical suffering on the cross where he cried, ‘I thirst,’ and finally, ‘My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?’ (John 19:28; Matt. 27:46.)

“The Savior’s physical suffering guarantees that through his mercy and grace (see 2 Ne. 2:8) every member of the human family shall be freed from the bonds of death and be resurrected triumphantly from the grave. Of course the time of that resurrection and the degree of exaltation it leads to are based upon our faithfulness.

“With a small cup of water we remember the shedding of Christ’s blood and the depth of his spiritual suffering, anguish which began in the Garden of Gethsemane. There he said, ‘My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death’ (Matt. 26:38). He was in agony and ‘prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground’ (Luke 22:44).

“The Savior’s spiritual suffering and the shedding of his innocent blood, so lovingly and freely given, paid the debt for what the scriptures call the ‘original guilt’ of Adam’s transgression (Moses 6:54). Furthermore, Christ suffered for the sins and sorrows and pains of all the rest of the human family, providing remission for all of our sins as well, upon conditions of obedience to the principles and ordinances of the gospel he taught (see 2 Ne. 9:21–23). As the Apostle Paul wrote, we were ‘bought with a price’ (1 Cor. 6:20). What an expensive price and what a merciful purchase!” (“This Do in Remembrance of Me,” Ensign, Nov. 1995, 67)

Harold B. Lee

“The partaking of the sacrament is a renewal, a refreshing of our recollection of what it meant to be baptized as a member of the Church. We had the law of sacrifice before the coming of the Savior, and we have the sacrament administered since the Savior's death, repeatedly refreshing our minds of the covenant of the gospel of Jesus Christ which all of us have entered into.” (The Teachings of Harold B. Lee, edited by Clyde J. Williams [salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1996], 208.)

Spencer W. Kimball

“That is the real purpose of the sacrament, to keep us from forgetting, to help us to remember. I suppose there would never be an apostate, there would never be a crime, if people remembered, really remembered, the things they had covenanted at the water's edge or at the sacrament table and in the temple. I suppose that is the reason the Lord asked Adam to offer sacrifices, for no other reason than that he and his posterity would remember-remember the basic things that they had been taught. I guess we as humans are prone to forget. It is easy to forget. Our sorrows, our joys, our concerns, our great problems seem to wane to some extent as time goes on, and there are many lessons that we learn which have a tendency to slip from us. The Nephites forgot. They forgot the days when they felt good.

“Forgetfulnessa-Kimball, Spencer W.TP“I remember a young Navaho boy returning from his mission who was supported largely by a seventies quorum in the Bonneville Stake. I happened to be present the day he made his report and as tears rolled down his face, he said, ‘Oh, if I could only remember always just how I feel now.’” (The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball, edited by Edward L. Kimball [salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1982], 113.)

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Luke 23:34 Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do

Spencer J. Condie

“Perhaps there is no greater example of meekness than that exemplified by the Savior on the cross. The Savior had the power to call down legions of angels in retribution for the humiliation He had suffered at the hands of unjust judgmental councils and the pain inflicted upon Him by the Roman soldiers who had carried out the mandate of a frenzied crowd and a timid magistrate. But instead of calling down revenge from heaven, He prayed for the Roman soldiers: ‘Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do’ (Luke 23:34Luke 23:34).”(In Perfect Balance [salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1993], 158.)

Joseph F. Smith

“I say that no man could utter such words as these at such a time; it required the power and spirit, the love, mercy, charity and forgiveness of God himself. I bear my testimony to you that a being who could ask God to forgive men from whom He had received such unmerited cruelty is nothing less than God. If there was no other proof than this of the divine mission of Jesus Christ, this alone would convince me that Jesus was the Redeemer of the world. He taught and exemplified in His life the very principles that will redeem the world, and the only principles that can be found written in any book that will redeem the world.” (Latter-day Commentary on the New Testament: The Four Gospels, by Pinegar, Bassett, and Earl, p. 380)

Jeffrey R. Holland

“Surely the most majestic moment of that fateful Friday, when nature convulsed and the veil of the temple was rent, was that unspeakably merciful moment when Christ said, ‘Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.’ As our advocate with the Father, He is still making that same plea today—in your behalf and in mine.

“Here, as in all things, Jesus set the standard for us to follow. Life is too short to be spent nursing animosities or keeping a box score of offenses against us—you know, no runs, no hits, all errors. We don’t want God to remember our sins, so there is something fundamentally wrong in our relentlessly trying to remember those of others.” (“The Peaceable Things of the Kingdom,” Ensign, Nov. 1996, 83)

Gordon B. Hinckley

“A spirit of forgiveness and an attitude of love and compassion toward those who may have wronged us is of the very essence of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Each of us has need of this spirit. The whole world has need of it. The Lord taught it. He exemplified it as none other has exemplified it.

“In the time of his agony on the cross of Calvary, with vile and hateful accusers before him, those who had brought him to this terrible crucifixion, he cried out, ‘Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.’ (Luke 23:34.)

“None of us is called on to forgive so generously, but each of us is under a divinely spoken obligation to reach out with pardon and mercy. The Lord has declared in words of revelation:

‘My disciples, in days of old, sought occasion against one another and forgave not one another in their hearts; and for this evil they were afflicted and sorely chastened.

Wherefore, I say unto you, that ye ought to forgive one another; for he that forgiveth not his brother his trespasses standeth condemned before the Lord; for there remaineth in him the greater sin.

I, the Lord, will forgive whom I will forgive, but of you it is required to forgive all men.

And ye ought to say in your hearts—let God judge between me and thee, and reward thee according to thy deeds.’ (D&C 64:8–11.)

“How much we need application of this God-given principle and its companion principle, repentance! We see the need for it in the homes of the people, where tiny molehills of misunderstanding are fanned into mountains of argument. We see it among neighbors, where insignificant differences lead to undying bitterness. We see it in business associates who quarrel and refuse to compromise and forgive when, in most instances, if there were a willingness to sit down together and speak quietly one to another, the matter could be resolved to the blessing of all. Rather, they spend their days nurturing grudges and planning retribution.” (“Of You It Is Required to Forgive,” Ensign, June 1991, 2)

Eldred G. Smith

“Often we think of forgiveness as a form of charity. We forget that the benefits extend both ways. It is as beneficial to forgive as to be forgiven. This is not a formula but a spirit which can bring out the best in people and illuminate every moment of living. It is one of the happy paradoxes of human behavior that the readier we are to forgive the less we are called on to forgive. Forgiveness does not undo what has already been done. It enables us to accept what has been done and go on from there.” (Conference Report, April 1961, Afternoon Meeting 69.)

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Luke 24:6 He is not here, but is risen

“One of the greatest messages in all eternity was the message of the empty tomb, the announcement that a God had died, ministered in the world of spirits, and come back to life; that the effects of the rising of the Sinless One would pass upon all…Christ had risen from the dead! He had broken the bands of death.” (Robert L. Millet, ed., Studies in Scripture, Vol. 6: Acts to Revelation [salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1987], 4.)

Ezra Taft Benson

“There is nothing in history to equal that dramatic announcement: ‘He is not here, but is risen.’

10619”The greatest events of history are those which affect the greatest number for the longest periods. By this standard, no event could be more important to individuals or nations than the resurrection of the Master. The eventual resurrection of every soul who has lived and died on earth is a scriptural certainty, and surely there is no event for which one should make more careful preparation. Nothing is more absolutely universal than the resurrection. Every living being will be resurrected. ‘. . . as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.’ (1 Cor. 15:22.)” (Conference Report, April 1964, Afternoon Meeting 119 - 120.)

Howard W. Hunter

“It was Job who posed what might be called the question of the ages: ‘If a man die, shall he live again?’ (Job 14:14.) Christ’s answer rings down through time to this very hour: ‘Because I live, ye shall live also.’ (John 14:19.)

“Even with the logic of nature’s regeneration and even with the testimony of that empty garden tomb, there are still those who feel the grave is a final destination. But the doctrine of the Resurrection is the single most fundamental and crucial doctrine in the Christian religion. It cannot be overemphasized, nor can it be disregarded.

“Without the Resurrection, the gospel of Jesus Christ becomes a litany of wise sayings and seemingly unexplainable miracles—but sayings and miracles with no ultimate triumph. No, the ultimate triumph is in the ultimate miracle: for the first time in the history of mankind, one who was dead raised himself into living immortality. He was the Son of God, the Son of our immortal Father in Heaven, and his triumph over physical and spiritual death is the good news every Christian tongue should speak.” (“An Apostle’s Witness of the Resurrection,” Ensign, May 1986, 16)

Ezra Taft Benson

“No other single influence has had so great an impact on this earth as the life of Jesus the Christ. We cannot conceive of our lives without His teachings. Without Him we would be lost in a mirage of beliefs and worships, born in fear and darkness where the sensual and materialistic hold sway. We are far short of the goal He set for us, but we must never lose sight of it; nor must we forget that our great climb toward the light, toward perfection, would not be possible except for His teachings, His life, His death, and His resurrection.” (Ensign, June 1971, p. 33.)

Gordon B. Hinckley

“The Resurrection of Jesus Christ…was not an ordinary thing. It was the greatest event in human history. I do not hesitate to say that.

“’If a man die, shall he live again?’ asked Job (Job 14:14). There is no question of greater importance than this.

“Those of us who live in comfort and security seldom give any thought to death. Our minds are on other things. Yet there is nothing more certain, nothing more universal, nothing more final than the closure of mortal life. No one can escape it, not one.

“I have stood at the tomb of Napoleon in Paris, at the tomb of Lenin in Moscow, and before the burial places of many others of the great leaders of the earth. In their time they commanded armies, they ruled with almost omnipotent power, their very words brought terror into the hearts of people…They have all passed into the oblivion of the grave. All who have lived upon the earth before us are now gone. They have left all behind as they have stepped over the threshold of silent death. None has escaped. All have walked their way to ‘the undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveler returns’ (Hamlet, act 3, scene 1, lines 79–80). Shakespeare so described it.

“But Jesus the Christ changed all that. Only a God could do what He did. He broke the bonds of death. He too had to die, but on the third day, following His burial, He rose from the grave, ‘the firstfruits of them that slept’ (1 Cor. 15:20), and in so doing brought the blessing of the Resurrection to every one of us.

“…These simple words—‘He is not here, but is risen’—have become the most profound in all literature. They are the declaration of the empty tomb. They are the fulfillment of all He had spoken concerning rising again. They are the triumphant response to the query facing every man, woman, and child who was ever born to earth.” (“He Is Not Here, but Is Risen,” Ensign, May 1999, 70-71)